How do you find the ionic charge of silver?
Silver has an ionic charge of +1. You can look at the oxidation states on a more detailed periodic table. You could use context clues based on how it reacts. You might also notice the trend for elements in group 11 to have a +1 and elements in group 12 to have a +2.
Although silver can form +1 and +2 cations, the +2 is so rare that we usually name Ag + as a silver ion, not a silver(I) ion. Ag 2 + is named silver(II) ion. We will assume that all metallic elements other than those mentioned above can have more than one charge, so their cation names will include a Roman numeral.
To find an element’s ionic charge, you’ll need to consult your Periodic Table. The metals (found on the left side of the table) will be positive on the periodic table. Non-metals (found on the right) will be negative. But you need to know the specific ionic charge elements.
Silver has an ionic charge of +1. You can look at the oxidation states on a more detailed periodic table. You could use context clues based on how it reacts. You might also notice the trend for elements in group 11 to have a +1 and elements in group 12 to have a +2.
Silver (Ag) is a transition metal on the periodic table with a relatively simple and common ionic charge. Silver typically forms a monovalent or +1 cation when it loses electrons. In other words, the ionic charge of silver is +1.
This means that when a silver atom loses one electron, it becomes a silver ion (Ag+) with a positive charge of +1. It’s one of the few elements that consistently form ions with a charge of +1 in chemical compounds.
What is the ionic charge of copper? How do you find it?
Copper has two ionic charges:
1+, Copper I, aka Cuprous and
2+, Copper II, aka Cupric.
Elemental copper has an atomic number of 29, meaning it has 29 protons and 29 electrons. The 29 electrons fill up the 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and 4s orbitals using 20 electrons, leaving only 9 for the inner 3d orbital, which needs 10 to be stable.
So the 4s orbital, aka the valence shell, is filled, but the inner orbital 3d is not. The valence shell was filled before all the inner orbitals were filled. It needs one more electron in the 3d shell to make 10 to be complete. Without that electron, it isn’t stable, and it is one of the exceptions where the 3d will fill up before the 4s.
So, what happens? Does it stay unstable, or does it try to make itself stable? You guessed it. The second choice. It is forced to try and become stable. One of the 4s electrons jumps to the lower 3d energy level (emitting a photon as it goes) and fills the 3d shell.
Now, the 3d shell is stable, but there is only one valence electron in the 4s valence shell, which is not a safe place for an electron to have a long life. But that describes atomic copper with net zero charge. The electrons have just rearranged. It is written [Ar] 3d10 4s1. Now let’s look at that satellite electron orbiting in the 4s all by itself in a vulnerable position for getting knocked off.
1+ cation, Cuprous, Copper I: It doesn’t take much, and before you know it, that 4s electron gets bumped off (sounds like a mob hit), and the copper atom becomes a +1 cation. You can write this [Ar] 3d10.
2+ cation, Cupric, Copper II: Copper also has a 2+ charge when it loses the electron in the 3d shell that it gained from the 4s shell to become more stable. The new configuration is written [Ar] 3d9. If you notice, copper’s original configuration had only 9 electrons in the 3d shell. So, the only difference in the notation between elemental copper and the 2+ cation is the loss of the 4s shell.
By the way, the notation for the ionic charge begins with the number followed by the positive or negative charge. In contrast, an oxidation state in a covalent bond will show each atom’s “assumed” charge using the opposite notation, the positive or negative charge first, followed by the number.
That’s because only ions have a net charge, meaning they have lost or gained electrons. In a covalent bond, there has been no loss or gain; they are just shared. So, the atoms in a covalently bonded molecule are not ions, although they may act like ions. So Cu2+ is a cation, and Cu+2 is the oxidation state of copper in a covalent bond.
You should note further that copper has 35 neutrons, not 29, as might be expected.
How do you know an element’s ionic charge?
An excellent first hint is which row the element is in. Hydrogen and the alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) are in Group IA (now Group 1) and prefer a +1 charge (valence). The alkaline earths (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) are in Group IIA (Group 2) and prefer to be +2.
Group IA (13) elements prefer +3, but sometimes the heaviest member (Tl) prefers +1. Group IVA (14) prefers +4, but the 2 heaviest (Sn and Pb) also can be +2. The transition metals Groups IIIB through VIII (3-10) can have a variety of charges, but the majority prefer +2 or +3.
The heavier members can have more exceptions, e.g., W is +6 in WO3. Most lanthanides (La-Lu) prefer +3, but a few can be +2, while Ce can be +4. Most actinides (Ac-Lr) have +3 or +4, but U-Am can also be +5 and +6. The short lifetimes make determining the chemistry of higher actinides more difficult but not necessarily impossible.
What is the charge of the silver ion in Ag2CO3?
Ag2CO3, or silver carbonate, is a salt that is poorly soluble in water (aqueous solution).
The dissociation of the two silver atoms and the polyatomic carbonate atom does not occur readily. This means that Ag2CO3 does not readily dissociate in water:
Ag2CO3 + H2O —/→ 2Ag+ + CO3(2-) generally does not separate (notice the slash across the reaction progress arrow) into two ions of silver (Ag+) and one polyatomic anion of carbonate (CO3(2-)). The reaction is written here. Is hypothetical.
What does the Ace of Spades represent?
In an aqueous solution (in water), since the individual silver atoms do not separate into ions, specifically monovalent ions or monovalent cations (positive ions with a single plus charge), one cannot call each silver atom an “ion” when Ag2CO3 is written in its chemical formula.
Even in water, due to its insolubility, Ag2CO3 remains a solid residue and does not ionize significantly. Each Ag atom contributes a +1 charge to balance the -2 charge on the carbonate.
There is no net charge on each silver of +1 and -2 for carbonate—since there is no dissociation, the net charge regards the entire Ag2CO3, which is neutral (+2 + -2 = 0 net charge) when in water.
However, in the solvent solution of formaldehyde, the individual silver atoms dissociate readily into ions through a separation reaction: Ag2CO3 + CH2O → 2 Ag + 2 CO2 + H2
Two silver ions, each with a +1 charge, dissociate in a separation reaction where CO2 and H2 are released as gases, resulting from the reaction with formaldehyde. Since there would be an abundance of formaldehyde* (where Ag2CO3 is the limiting reagent), the excess formaldehyde can be extracted through vacuum filtration to leave solid silver (Ag).
[*] It is impractical to attempt to use a 1:1 reaction of moles of AgCO3 and moles of formaldehyde (CH2O). Still, adding slightly excess formaldehyde for full chemical conversion of the silver into a solid residue is more practical.
This is the principal method of separating silver metal from silver carbonate. Solid silver produced in this way is valuable in the manufacture of electronic components because silver has an ideally large conductivity and, conversely, a decreased ohmic resistivity—better than copper (Cu) and gold (Au).
How can you determine the charges of metal cations?
There are several ways to determine the charges of metal cations. First, you can convert the metal cation into a hydroxide by passing a solution of the metal cation through a hydroxide form cation exchange resin and then titrating the product with hydrochloric acid.
If you know the original molarity is the metal cation, then you can calculate the net charge of the metal cation based on the number of equivalents of acid used in the titration. The problem with this approach is that many metals are not soluble as hydroxides.
However, this approach will work for alkali metals. Another option is to produce a salt of the metal cation and then measure the stoichiometry of the salt using secondary analytical methods. For example, if the metal cation is barium, you can precipitate the barium with sulfate and then measure the amount of sulfur and barium in the sediment.
Since you know the net charge of the sulfate is -2; you can use this information to calculate the net charge of the barium. Finally, you can use ion exchange chromatography to determine the charge of an ion. If you use a monovalent eluent and plot the retention time of a metal ion versus the eluent concentration on a log-log plot, the slope of the line will be equal to the charge of the metal cation.
How do you know an element’s ionic charge?
The ionic charges for the first and second group elements are fixed, i.e.+1,+2 resp. As we move toward left, the compounds have more than one oxidation state, e.g.,
Boron family has two oxidation states, which are +1 and +3. Still, out of these two states in a group, for a compound, a single oxidation state is more stable ( inert pair effect ) . So, the oxidation state of these compounds can be derived from the compound given.
What is the difference between ionic silver and colloidal silver?
I’ve been researching colloidal silver and taking it with unique benefits for almost 5 years, and the best answer to your question that I’ve found comes from Steve Barwick of The Silver Edge.
Of course, he sells colloidal silver generators, but everything I’ve tried colloidal silver on that he has written about has worked as well as he said it would. He has excellent articles on his website, The New Micro-Particle Colloidal Silver Generator! and here’s an excerpt from an informative article he posted that seems to answer your question very well:
What was the first movie ever made?
“Despite what’s been said on the internet, both metallic and ionic silver suspensions are “colloidal silver.” After all, they’re both composed of tiny particles of silver suspended homogeneously and indefinitely in a liquid solution.
The difference between the two is that the metallic form of colloidal silver comprises tiny, bare metal particles of elemental silver. In contrast, the ionic form of colloidal silver is composed of small positively charged atomic or molecular particles of silver that have been liberated from metallic silver using low-voltage electricity.
Both are “colloids,” with the bare metal elemental silver suspension being a metallic colloid and the ionic silver suspension being a colloidal electrolyte (due to silver’s electrically charged atomic and molecular particles).
This is why both forms – metallic and ionic — have been universally called “colloidal silver” for the past 100-plus years, until only recently when purveyors of the metallic form began claiming only theirs could be called a “true colloid.” It’s a great marketing gimmick. But scientifically speaking, the claim is a farce.
The metallic silver suspensions are colloids. The ionic silver suspensions are colloids. Again, one is a colloidal suspension of tiny metal particles of silver. One is a colloidal suspension of tiny electrically-charged ionic particles of silver, just like you’d find naturally in edible plants.
Now, here’s the truly important distinction you need to understand:
The tiny, submicroscopic silver ions (i.e., positively charged atoms or molecules of silver) give ALL forms of colloidal silver their infection-fighting properties.
ALL reputable experts agree that silver ions are the biologically active, infection-fighting “species” of silver. In contrast, bare metal elemental silver particles have almost no infection-fighting qualities except that they shed silver ions when they come into contact with acidic bodily fluids or highly-oxygenated body tissues.”
Where is the ionic bond in cuso4.5h20?
The structure of CuSO4.5H2O in the solid state is shown below. The Cu2+ ions are attracted towards
Ions are not only by ionic interactions (electrovalent) but also by coordinate covalent bonds. The Cu2+ ions form coordinate covalent bonds with water and sulfate ions. There are covalent bonds in water and sulfate ions. electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent
There is also hydrogen bonding between water and sulfate ions. Only four water molecules are forming dative bonds with Cu2+. The fifth molecule is involved in H-bonding.
How does one determine the charge of a polyatomic ion?
That is a good question I have heard frequently in teaching Freshman Chemistry. The first rule is that you memorize them. However, I have made a few observations that may help. I will share:
For polyatomic ions containing oxygen and a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), the charge of the polyatomic ion is the same as the charge of the halide: -1 For polyatomic ions containing oxygen and a chalcogen (S, Se, Te), the charge of the polyatomic ion is the same as the charge of the chalcogen: -2.
For polyatomic ions containing oxygen and nitrogen, the charge is invariably -1. (Note that this is different than the first two rules because nitride is -3–so remember that nitrogen behaves differently, and you will be good.
For polyatomic ions containing oxygen and phosphorous, the charge is invariably -3.
Adding hydrogen (technically a proton, H+) to a polyatomic ion will reduce the ion’s negative charge by 1. For example, carbonate (CO3)2- and hydrogen carbonate (HCO3)1-. This works for polyatomic ions containing chalcogens, phosphorous, carbon, and silicon.
For the rest, it is flashcard time.
What are ionic compounds?
Each atom is unique because it is made of a specific number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Usually, the number of protons and electrons is the same for an atom. While the number of protons will never change for any atom because this would mean you have a completely different element, sometimes the number of electrons does change.
When an atom gains or loses an electron, we get an ion. Since electrons themselves have a net negative charge, adding or removing electrons from an atom changes the charge of the atom. This is because the number of electrons is no longer in balance with the number of protons with a positive charge.
Atoms that gain electrons and, have a net negative charge are known as anions. Conversely, atoms that lose electrons and have a net positive charge are called cations. Cations tend to be metals, while anions tend to be non-metals. Ions may also be single atoms or multiple, complex groups of atoms.
When we talk about ions, opposites indeed attract. The ions’ opposite negative and positive charges hold together in ionic bonds, forming ionic compounds, which are just what they sound like compounds made of ions. One atom’s loss or gain matches the other’s loss or gain, so one atom essentially ‘donates an electron to the other atom it pairs up with.
Think of the pairing of ions like two-bar magnets. If you try to put the two north or south ends of different magnets together, they repel each other very strongly but turn one of those magnets around so that you are putting a south end to a north end, and they quickly snap together. Ions behave similarly. Two positive or negative ions will not join because they have the same charge. But one positive and one negative will happily combine to make an ionic compound.
Some examples of Ionic Compound include:
- LiF – Lithium Fluoride
- LiCl – Lithium Chloride
- LiBr – Lithium Bromide
- LiI – Lithium Iodide
- NaF – Sodium Fluoride
- NaCl – Sodium Chloride
- NaBr – Sodium Bromide
- NaI – Sodium Iodide
- KF – Potassium Fluoride
- KCl – Potassium Chloride
- KBr – Potassium Bromide
- KI – Potassium Iodide….
How do I find the charge of transition metals?
Transition metals commonly have multiple valencies for those in high school or lower levels of university. Iron can be +3 or +2; many others are possible but rarely seen. Manganese has 8 different oxidation states from minus 1 to plus 7.
Of course, knowing the chemical formula of a compound is relatively straightforward. I have taught this to good ten-year-olds. Remember that all compounds are electrically neutral, so take the oxidation state for the other elements to their normal state and do some simple maths.
For example, the charge on Mn in KMnO4
K is +1, and O is – 2. As the compound is neutral, the equation is:
0 = 1 +Mn -2 x 4
0 = 1 + Mn -8
0 = Mn -7
thus, manganese has a charge of plus 7 for the compound to be electrically neutral.
This is shown in most good introductory Chemistry books.
What is the simplest way to calculate the charge of an ion and an ionic compound?
First, remember that the so-called charges on atoms in a compound are hypothetical. What you are calculating is the oxidation state. The oxidation state is the hypothetical charge on an atom if all the bonds were 100% ionic.
Of course, we know that is not true. Chemical bonds lie along a continuum between “ionic” and “covalent,” the two hypothetical extremes of the bonding continuum. When discussing an “ionic compound,” you discuss its structure.
It is a network solid, where the patterns of atoms repeat in three dimensions throughout the entire sample.Nonetheless, some oxidation states are essentially “defined,” like H is +1, the alkali metals are +1, the alkaline earth metals are +2, and the halogens are -1.
From there, we can calculate the oxidation states of other elements in a compound because we assume that in a neutral atom, all of the elements’ oxidation states add up to zero.For instance, the oxidation state of iron in FeCl2 is +2 because chloride is assigned an oxidation state of -1, and the oxidation states add up to zero.(Iron(II) chloride doesn’t have ions. The bonds in FeCl2 have about 35% ionic character or about 65% covalent character.)
What is the difference between ionic silver and colloidal silver?
Ionic silver is silver atoms stripped of a (usually one) valence electron and usually in a solution with counterpart ions of opposite charge.
Colloidal silver is metallic silver in tiny particles (e.g., sufficiently small to remain suspended in water), each containing many silver atoms. Because of its small particle size, colloidal silver has a very high surface area-to-volume ratio and potentially more significant chemical activity per unit weight of silver.
What happens when you burn salt?
Silver-containing coatings (e.g., AgIon Agion Technology: How it Works) are claimed to have a bacteriostatic effect and are intended for use in hospitals, medical labs, and on some medical devices. The hope is they will reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired infections to the extent that surface contact residues transmit the infections. I have only looked into this as far as being aware the coatings are offered for use.
Why must charges balance in ionic bonding?
Because if they weren’t, the properties of the macroscopic world would be much, much different. Not having a charge balance would mean an accumulation of a positive charge here and a negative charge there. This would create electromagnetic forces between macroscopic objects, which are much stronger than gravity.
EM force is so strong that just a few hundred or a few thousand unbalanced electron charges will “rip a hole” in the air for positive and negative charges to meet each other and neutralize. That’s what happenshappens when you see a spark jump from you to another person or object or when a lightning bolt strikes the earth.
What are ion charges?
An ion is a charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule. An atom can acquire a positive or negative charge depending on whether the number of electrons in an atom is more significant or less than the number of protons in the atom.
When an atom is attracted to another atom because it has an unequal number of electrons and protons, the atom is called an ION. If the atom has more electrons than protons, it is a negative ion or ANION. If it has more protons than electrons, it is a positive ion.
How can you work out the charge of transition metal ions?
Since most transition metals (except Zinc and scandium) have variable charges, first, find out the oxidation states of every other element in the molecule in which the transition metal is. The oxidation states’ sum must equal the molecule’s net charge. ionic charge
Here is a list of all possible charges of transition metals (these trends continue down a group)
Sc: +3
Ti: +2, +3, +4
V: +2 to +5
Cr: +2 to +6
Mn: +2 to +7
Fe: +2 to +6
Co: +2 to +5
Ni: +2 to +4
Cu: +1 to +3
Zn: +2
How can electronegativity be used to distinguish between ionic and covalent bonds?
You don’t use electronegativity overall but use the difference in electronegativity to determine the nature of a bond. Where the difference in electronegativity is greater than 2, you have an ionic bond.
If lower than that, the electronegativity difference helps determine the polar or non-polar nature of the bond.
Where is the ionic bond in cuso4.5h20?
The phrase “ionic bond” is somewhat misleading. The crystal structures of ionic solids at least approximately just have fixed translationally symmetric arrays of + and – charges. The electrostatic force falls off as 1/d^2 where d is the distance between 2 ions — this force being attractive or repulsive as the 2 ions are of unlike or like signs. At a given distance, say also, d from a specific ion (in the interior of the crystal) is proportional to the surface area of a sphere of radius d. So, this number is proportional to d^2.
Consequently, one sees that the interaction forces are not just due to the neighbors but also many ions farther away. The energies of interaction for an ionic crystal, even as it involves a fixed ion (at one end of the interaction), affect all of the ions of the crystal, somewhat uniformly spread out. In such a crystal, one does not see a localized interaction — which is to say, one does not see anything like a covalent chemical bond.
Now, in the salt you named, the cations are actually [Cu(H2O)4]^2+, and the anions are sulfates SO4^2-, with an extra H2O stuck to the sulfate. In the beautiful blue crystals this salt forms, these two types of ions are spread about in a translationally symmetric regular manner, with no localized ionic bonds.
There are localized covalent bonds in the sulfate ion and the H2O moieties, while there are coordinate covalent bonds in the cation from each of the O atoms of an H2O to the Cu^2+ ion in the center. This Cu^2+ ion, aside from the coordinate covalent donated electron pairs, has a d^9 electronic structure, and it is optical transitions on this ion that give rise to the crystal’s blue color or aqueous solutions of this salt.
How does one determine the charge of a polyatomic ion?
If you understand Lewis structures, you can use them to arrive at the correct charge (most of the time) simply by putting in all the bonds and ensuring every atom has an octet. After that, add up the formal charges. This works even for hypervalent ions like ClO3 and SO4:
Ammonium, NH4, is dead easy because each hydrogen brings one electron, and all four are bound to the same nitrogen atom. If nitrogen had all five valence electrons, it would have nine electrons (5 + 4) instead of eight, so you subtract one electron to give nitrogen its octet. Voila, the charge is +1.
If you are not confident with Lewis’s structures, Andrew Wolff’s answer is probably the better approach (rules of thumb and flashcards).